Page numbers are only required for direct quotations in the in-text citation. They follow the author and date in bracketed format separated by commas - e.g. (Cottrell, 2013, p.15).
Use the abbreviations p. for a single page and pp. for pages with a space before the number. List the page numbers completely, for example pp.176-179 instead of pp.176-9.
Do not include page numbers in the in-text citation when summarising or paraphrasing - only the author and the date are required.
Websites
For a general mention of a website with no indication of particular information or a specific page, no reference list entry or in-text citation is needed. Provide the name of the website and include the URL in brackets. For example, if you used a website to create a survey, you only need to mention the website in the text - e.g. the survey was created using Qualtrics (https://www.qualtrics.com). Similarly, for common software and mobile apps it is sufficient to mention the name of the programme or app and the version used in the text without providing an in-text citation or reference list entry. Examples of common software include Microsoft Office, social media apps, survey software, Adobe products and statistical programmes (e.g. R, SPSS).
Personal communication
As these are unrecoverable sources, they are cited in the text only - no reference list entry is required. Examples include personal interviews, emails, text messages, telephone conversations, online chats, unrecorded classroom lectures, etc. To cite them in text, provide the initial(s) and surname of the communicator and provide an exact date, e.g.:
C. Hill (personal communication, March 27, 2019)
(M. Zhang, personal communication, July 21, 2020)