Page numbers are only required for direct quotations in the in-text citation. They follow the author and date in bracketed format separated by commas – e.g. (Cottrell, 2013, p. 15). Use the abbreviations p. for a single page and pp. for pages with a space before the number. List the page numbers completely, for example pp. 176-179 instead of pp. 176-9.
Do not include page numbers in the in-text citation when summarising or paraphrasing – only the author and the date are required.
How to cite when you are altering a direct quote
When you need to leave out part of a quotation to make it fit grammatically or because it contains irrelevant/unnecessary information, insert ellipses (three full-stops):
“the overall level of performance of both these clinical groups of children was unexpectedly poor…the expected advantages of the ostensive condition were also not found despite the reduced reliance on joint attention and intention reading within this condition” (Franken, Lewis & Malone, 2010, p.258).
If you need to add or slightly change words within a quotation for reasons of grammar or clarity, indicate the change with square brackets.
Original direct quotation:
“Since they carry the continents with them as they move, we refer to this motion as continental drift” (Kutner, 2003, p. 451).
Quoted sentence with added words:
“Since they [tectonic plates] carry the continents with them as they move, we refer to this motion as continental drift” (Kutner, 2003, p. 451).
How to cite two or more references within the same brackets
Order the citations of two or more works by different authors within the same brackets alphabetically in the same order in which they appear in the reference list (including citations that would otherwise shorten to et al.). Separate the citations with semicolons.
Example:
Several studies (Miller, 1999; Shafranske & Mahoney, 1998) show that...
|
Type of citation |
First citation in text |
Subsequent citations in text |
Bracketed format, first citation in text |
Bracketed format, subsequent citations in text |
|
One work by one author |
Fry (2009) |
Fry (2009) |
(Fry, 2009) |
(Fry, 2009) |
|
One work by two authors |
Fry and Jacklin (2009) |
Fry and Jacklin (2009) |
(Fry & Jacklin, 2009) |
(Fry & Jacklin, 2009) |
|
One work by three authors |
Fry, Jacklin and Jones (2009) |
Fry et al. (2009) |
(Fry, Jacklin, & Jones, 2009) |
(Fry et al., 2009) |
|
One work by four authors |
Fry, Jacklin, Pratt and Jones (2009) |
Fry et al. (2009) |
(Fry, Jacklin, Pratt & Jones, 2009) |
(Fry et al., 2009) |
|
One work by five authors |
Fry, Jacklin, Pratt, Jones and Peters (2009) |
Fry et al. (2009) |
(Fry, Jacklin, Pratt, Jones & Peters, 2009) |
(Fry et al., 2009) |
|
One work by six or more authors |
Jacklin et al. (2013) |
Jacklin et al. (2013) |
(Jacklin et al., 2013) |
(Jacklin et al., 2013) |
|
Groups (readily identified through abbreviation) as authors |
British Psychological Society (BPS, 2013) |
BPS (2013) |
(British Psychological Society [BPS], 2013) |
(BPS, 2013) |
|
Groups (no abbreviation) |
University of Lincoln (2012) |
University of Lincoln (2012) |
(University of Lincoln, 2012) |
(University of Lincoln, 2012) |
Common citation queries
How to cite sources with no author
When a work has no author, cite in the text the first few words of the Reference List entry, usually the title and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter, and italicise the title of a journal, book, brochure, webpage or report.
For example:
Vaccine has revolutionised healthcare ("New Child Vaccine," 2001).
How to cite multiple authors
When a work has two authors, cite both names every time the reference occurs. When a work has three to five authors, cite all the names the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, use the surname of the first author followed by et al. When a work has six plus authors, use the surname of the first author followed by et al. every time the reference occurs in the text. The following table illustrates the citation styles.
Note: Use last names only unless there are different authors with the same last name; in this case, use the initials of the different authors in addition to the last name.
The following is an example of the first page of an assignment to highlight the ways in which in-text citations can be used within paraphrased text.
Can sport be used as a tool to improve the self-esteem, behaviour and social skills in children with ‘hidden disabilities’?
Sport has the power to overcome many problems faced by children with ‘hidden disabilities’ such as autism and ADHD and to overcome issues with self-esteem, behaviour or social skills. When working with a child with a hidden disability coaches and teachers may not be able to initially see the difficulties faced by a child because, on the surface, they appear to be the same as all the other children. The aim of this assignment is to examine how behaviours, such as aggression, can be managed in these children in order to improve their social skills and prevent them from being disinterested in, or excluded from, sporting activities outside of the educational setting.
The physical characteristics of some disabilities may not be obvious to the casual observer and are therefore ‘hidden’. (Bodey, 2010). In her research, Bodey (2010) found that children in this situation are often well-known in the educational setting and their teachers have had training, resources and support. In contrast, coaches in the sport setting have not always received the same level of knowledge to give them the understanding needed to support the child.
Specific Learning Disorders (SLD), ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder) all have a broad spectrum of ability and outward presentation so it is important for practitioners to firstly understand the child, and secondly, employ strategies to engage and retain them. Braune and Braune (2015) suggest that there has been very little focus in the literature on the impact of these disabilities on children within the sport setting and that issues which occur are often misinterpreted as bad behaviour, defiance and lack of motivation. They also discuss ways in which sports practitioners can promote positive sport experiences and utilise various strategies and techniques.
With a focus on ASD, Guest, Balogh, Dogra and Lloyd (2017) examined the impact of a multi-sport camp on 13 girls with ASD between the ages of 8-11 with the aim of improving motor skills, physical self-perceptions and social skills. The girls were identified as having ASD but Guest et al (2017) also specified some additional exclusion criteria which included aggressive behaviour.
